numpy.random.Generator.dirichlet

method

Generator.dirichlet(alpha, size=None)

Draw samples from the Dirichlet distribution.

Draw size samples of dimension k from a Dirichlet distribution. A Dirichlet-distributed random variable can be seen as a multivariate generalization of a Beta distribution. The Dirichlet distribution is a conjugate prior of a multinomial distribution in Bayesian inference.

Parameters
alphaarray

Parameter of the distribution (k dimension for sample of dimension k).

sizeint or tuple of ints, optional

Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., (m, n, k), then m * n * k samples are drawn. Default is None, in which case a single value is returned.

Returns
samplesndarray,

The drawn samples, of shape (size, alpha.ndim).

Raises
ValueError

If any value in alpha is less than or equal to zero

Notes

The Dirichlet distribution is a distribution over vectors

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that fulfil the conditions

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and

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.

The probability density function

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of a Dirichlet-distributed random vector

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is proportional to

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where

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is a vector containing the positive concentration parameters.

The method uses the following property for computation: let

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be a random vector which has components that follow a standard gamma distribution, then

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is Dirichlet-distributed

References

1

David McKay, “Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms,” chapter 23, http://www.inference.org.uk/mackay/itila/

2

Wikipedia, “Dirichlet distribution”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_distribution

Examples

Taking an example cited in Wikipedia, this distribution can be used if one wanted to cut strings (each of initial length 1.0) into K pieces with different lengths, where each piece had, on average, a designated average length, but allowing some variation in the relative sizes of the pieces.

>>> s = np.random.default_rng().dirichlet((10, 5, 3), 20).transpose()
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> plt.barh(range(20), s[0])
>>> plt.barh(range(20), s[1], left=s[0], color='g')
>>> plt.barh(range(20), s[2], left=s[0]+s[1], color='r')
>>> plt.title("Lengths of Strings")
../../../_images/numpy-random-Generator-dirichlet-1.png